New Physicochemical Properties of Water. Experimental Study of Physicochemical Changes in Pure Water by Iterative Flowing Procedure Induced by Peristaltic Pump Apparatus
Click here to view a message from Dr. Gerald Pollack, Editor-in-Chief
Vittorio Elia1, Elena Napoli1, Roberto Germano2, Rosario Oliva1,3, Daniele Naviglio1, Angela Longo4, Mariano Palomba4, Raffaele Vecchione5
1Department of Chemical Science, University “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
2PROMETE S.r.l., CNR Spin off, P. le V. Tecchio, 45, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
3Physical Chemistry I – Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strassen 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
4Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), SS Napoli/Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy.
5Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
Submitted: November 1, 2022
Revised: May 23, 2024
Accepted: August 2, 2024
Published: December 30, 2024
Abstract
Water is the most studied substance in the world, but its properties still amaze us. This work reports the experimental results of electrical conductivity measurements, χ (µScm-1) and pH of bidistilled water subjected to the forced movement induced by a peristaltic pump. The results of this physical perturbation, unforeseeable until today, are extremely significant: Increases in electrical conductivity χ of 100-150 (µScm-1) and variations of pH values from 5.6 to 8.2 were observed. The variations in these two physicochemical parameters were measured after a few hours of water flow obtained through a peristaltic pump that removed the liquid and then returned it to the same container. With this configuration, we obtained an iterative procedure (IPW-MW: Iteratively Perturbed Water-Moving Water). The rate of the phenomenology depends substantially on the volume of treated water. The lower the volume of water, the shorter the time needed to measure a stationary state. In fact, after a first rapid growth of the χ value, the system reaches a plateau. The value of the conductivity of the plateau is, unexpectedly, a function of the volume of bidistilled water treated. The same phenomenon was observed for pH as well.
These results indicate the discovery of a new phenomenology: “the volume effect.” Many other techniques and measurements were carried out to support this discovery, including:
1) Optical microscopy, identifying the presence of polymers of micrometric dimensions.
2) Lyophilization of perturbed bidistilled water, producing a soft white solid.
3) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of this solid, showing a very high thermal stability of an important fraction of it (50%), up to almost 1000°C.
4) Fluorescence spectra, clearly showing the presence of new chemical bonds that are not present in pure water.
5) IR (infrared) spectrum, confirming the presence of new compounds that appear as a consequence of the peristaltic procedure we used.
6) ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) measurements, not finding impurities to explain the extraordinary new properties of the perturbed water.